What are the main differences between the Baptist and Pentecostal traditions? Do Muslims and Christians Worship the Same God? @Thunderforge - had "general" and "reformed" backwards in my preface to the bullet points. Grace News is published quarterly. [10] Such groups have had some theological influence from other Reformed denominations, such as the Orthodox Presbyterian Church. Icons of Christ are especially prohibited. The Reformed churches are part of the tradition that sprang from the Reformation and came to Holland. Why has the denomination experienced so many controversies over the years? Primitive Baptists adhere to a Reformed soteriology. But exactly what that looks like is unclear, as is how the theological debate in the Convention will ultimately affect Southern Baptist churches. Most believe eternal security: No, once a Christian is saved, he is always saved. It should be noted that by nature, Baptists are highly fractious and diverse in theological doctrines. [23] An example of this is the 1995 adaptation of the Orthodox Presbyterian Church's Trinity Hymnal which was published for Reformed Baptist churches in America as the Trinity Hymnal (Baptist Edition). Are there any canonical examples of the Prime Directive being broken that aren't shown on screen? Since the Southern Baptist Convention was first formed in 1845, there have been both Calvinists and Arminians in the family. Biblical Literalism. Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. I believe that Albert Mohlerexpresses the views of many of the statements critics when he says, I do not believe that those most problematic statements truly reflect the beliefs of many who signed this document. At the recent Connect316 meeting in Phoenix, Hankins pointed to the influence of Calvinism in the SBC over the past 25 years, noting, Its clear that traditionalists, even though we are the theological majority in the SBC, are the minority in terms of leadership and influence in the convention.. No, although Christians can and should sin less, they can never become sinless in this life. In Britain 2,150 churches belong to the Baptist Union of Great Britain, between them . Calvinism a set of doctrines, first elucidated by John Calvin but based on exegesis of scripture, that conclude God alone is responsible for every aspect of salvation, from beginning to end, election to glory, and man contributes nothing to it. [37] SGF had 10 member churches when it was formally inaugurated, located in New Brunswick and Ontario. Organized in 1845, the denomination advocated for slavery in the United States. Post was not sent - check your email addresses! UPDATE: In a question below, I raise the concern some critics have about the document being semi-Pelagian. MDJjNTAzNDlkYTg0NjYzYjBlN2VmYTQ2ODZhYzE3NDU2NjMzNWI0YzhmMjI4 With Patterson neutralized, Neo-Reformed forces seized control of yet another seminarySouthwestern Baptist Theological Seminarylaid off about 30-percent of its full-time faculty and then over the next few months hired almost a score of new faculty including research professors, deans and others mostly connected with Mohler's Southern . The followers of the Southern Baptist Convention believe that they have to either accept Jesus Christ as Lord and Savior, or after death they will go to Hell . ZjYyYTgwZmFjZDA5MTc0YWI2N2QwMmMyNjM0Y2IyY2VjNTk4M2E3MTU3NTRl Key Difference - Nazarene vs Baptist Most people are aware of the denomination called Baptist Christians. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. How does it differ and compare to other denominations of reformed Protestantism? Federalism: Yes, Adam represented all of the human race, and all are guilty of his sin. Marriage is a covenant before God between one man and one woman. Get the Facts. YjdlMDdlNzQ3MjdlYzcwMGUyY2RhNDhhNzI2ZDRiYjQ0ZjU4NzU4NTlhMTNl How to check for #1 being either `d` or `h` with latex3? The second was The John 3:16 Conference in 2008, sponsored by Jerry Vines Ministries, and co-sponsored by New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary, Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary (SWBTS), Liberty Baptist Theological Seminary, Luther Rice Seminary, and Midwestern Baptist Theological Seminary. Though there is actually no real original sin in the sense of guilt, there is a hereditary malady: as a result of Adams fall, humanity has become morally sick; the human will has been weakened and is inclined to evil. Where Reformed theology states that Christ died only for the electthose God chose to go to be savedBaptists typically believe in something akin to Amyraldism, which is essentially Calvinism but without predestination. N2RkNWQwNjc4OWI4ZDEwMmVmYWUzMTQyY2QzNjllOGMzNjU4NTZjYjlhMzQ5 The Baptist tradition, like other branches of the Christian faith, has a variety of expressions. Gaines will complete his second and final one-year term as president, and could nominate North Carolina pastor J.D. I will edit my answer to reflect this. Historical [3], Peter Masters, pastor of the Metropolitan Tabernacle in London, created the London Reformed Baptist Seminary in 1975.[3]. Critics of the documentsincluding both Calvinists and Arminianshave presented three general criticisms: 1. NGY3ZmIwYzUzY2JhZTVhMDYwYmU4MTQ0Y2UxOGQwZGMwMWY1YzQ2MGZiZTA0 Others are 1642 LBC down the line and are beautifully confessional, yet differ on sacraments. As noted above, the signers of the document overlook the historical view in favor of one that is less than 50 years old. A different understanding of how the covenant is administered in the Old Testament and in the New Testament. Calvinist Chris Roberts, pastor of Immanuel Baptist Church in Panama City, Florida, draws a similar conclusion: The statement affirms that there is corruption (inclined toward sin), but denies that there is inability. Both Baptists and Anglicans are branches of "Christianity." However both Baptists, as well as the Anglican faith both come from very different historic and . If you're able, treat 'em to lunch while you're discussing things together! For Calvinists, the offer of grace by the Holy Spirit is irresistible. Primitive Baptist (if non-black) Reformed Baptist (Calvinist) Fundamentalist Baptist (if non-black) Seventh Day Baptist. 3. If that is not semi-Pelagian, what is? OWU2ZjJmZjRiNDRhYTg3YSJ9 The Mennonites believe in a closed society and pacifism, which few if any Baptists believe in. Both are typically very informal and non-liturgical ("low church"). Prior to the 2016 convention, Gaines and Greear were viewed as representative of different parts of the SBC: Gaines, then 58, is by his own admission not a Calvinist. Greear, then 43, represents a generation that has increasingly embraced Reformed theology. [10] Among American Baptists who have revived such Calvinist ideas were Rolfe P. Barnard and Henry T. Mahan, who organised the first Sovereign Grace Bible Conference in Ashland, Kentucky, in 1954,[11][12] though groups designated as Sovereign Grace are not necessarily connected to them. What does the power set mean in the construction of Von Neumann universe? The document endorses a semi-Pelagian view of soteriology The most serious charge made by critics of the statement is that it is semi-Pelagian, a view that claims human beings retain the ability to desire God, to seek God, and to pursue salvation through an act of the free will without God first operating on the human heart. When the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary was founded, its governing confession, the abstract of principles, was summarized form of the 1689 London Baptist Confession, . Baptists who hold to a Calvinist soteriology, Sovereign Grace Baptist Association of Churches, International Conference of Reformed Churches, North American Presbyterian and Reformed Council, Association of Reformed Baptist Churches of America, Evangelical Reformed Baptist Churches in Italy, Toronto Baptist Seminary and Bible College, "Sovereign Grace Baptist Association Website: Churches", "Armed Forces Chaplains Board Endorsements", "Sovereign Grace Fellowship of Canada Website: Constitution", Association of Baptist Churches in Ireland, Baptist Missionary Association of America, Fellowship of Independent Reformed Evangelicals, Foundations Baptist Fellowship International, Fundamental Baptist Fellowship Association, General Association of Regular Baptist Churches, Independent Baptist Fellowship International, Independent Baptist Fellowship of North America, Institutional Missionary Baptist Conference of America, National Association of Free Will Baptists. The different names of denominations and churches within the tradition reflect this. The question is whether any of the remaining three will shift their theological slant when new leadership takes office. There are few small communities churches in Germany, where the largest is in Frankfurt am Main.[34]. YTEwZDA0YmIxMTJmYmUzZWI3YmVkNDc1YjRmNGMwNWZhOTU0ZjM0OGZjYTA2 The report also included specific suggestions for Baptists operating within the theological tension, like how candidates for ministry positions (and the search committees interviewing them) ought to be fully candid and forthcoming about all matters of faith and doctrine.. Copy. Your access to this site was blocked by Wordfence, a security provider, who protects sites from malicious activity. Some Reformed Baptist churches are simply Reformed in theology proper and soteriology, but nothing more. I believe God loves everybody the same, Jesus died for everybody the same, and that anyone can be saved.If someone hears the gospel and is not saved, it is because they chose to reject Christ, not because God chose not elect them to salvation, Gaines said. The innocent party to the adultery may remarry. Faith: Baptist. 2 The total number of Southern Baptists in the U.S. - and their share of the population - is falling. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Southern Baptist leaders have also hosted two different conferences to address the issue. No, we are not guilty of Adam's sin, but we did inherit the consequences and a corrupt human nature from him, causing us all to sin. NDNmZGI5MTFhY2U3MDMyMzMwZGY5Y2NlMTdkYTJkNTAzNjU3MmM0ODE1NDFj Reformed in the more narrow sense refers to those groups that follow in the theological footsteps of John Calvinin particular his doctrine of salvation. That is, they tend to affirm that people have free will in respect to choosing Christ for salvation. And, the more Reformed a Reformed Baptist is, the more likely it . References. Again, Puryear falsely presumes that everyone claiming to be Reformed Baptist adopts paedobaptism, or, if they deny it, they are either mistaken or deceiving themselves and others. Covenant theology is traditionally framed against an understanding of dispensational theology, and in that framing, Southern Baptists occupy a sort of de-militarized zone between them (although dispensational theology is quite popular with some prominent Southern Baptists). In short, the main differences between a "reformed" baptist and a "general" baptist are: Soteriology (the doctrine of salvation) is the primary distinguisher between reformed and traditional Baptists. Before Gaines election in St. Louis, The Christian Post online newspaper said in a headline, SBC votes today on whether Millennial Reformed theology represents the future.. Yet Gaines, pastor of a Tennessee megachurch, leads a denomination that most admit is increasingly Calvinistic in its leadership, if not in its pews. At the 2017 annual meeting in Phoenix, Gaines confirmed the account, but declined to speak further because he and Greear havent discussed it since, according to the North Carolina Biblical Recorder. Baptist denominations and churches, which date to the 17th century, comprise one of the largest branches of Christianity in the Western world. [T]he authors [of the document] note that Calvinism has played a role in Southern Baptist life from its earliest days, although they do not say whether they mean the emergence of English Baptists in the early 1600s, or the founding of the SBC in 1845. MjYzYzU0ODMyNDQ2ZTI3ZTkwNjVlMGVlMmI2OWQ0NTE5NGJlNWU1NGIxNGZl [1] Notable early pastors include the author John Bunyan (162888),[1] Benjamin Keach (16401704), the theologian John Gill (16971771),[1] John Brine (170364), Andrew Fuller, and the missionary William Carey (17611834). As Christians worldwide celebrate the anniversary of the Reformation on October 31, Southern Baptists continue to wrestle with how deeply we will be people of the Reformation in the next hundred years or two. However, there is a more specific sense of the word Reformed, and this is more germane to our discussion. And two of his former staff at Southern are now leading SBC seminaries as well, Danny Akin, president of Southeastern, and Midwestern President Jason Allen. Southern Baptists are the largest evangelical Protestant group in the United States. Help train Christians to boldly share the good news of Jesus Christ in a way that clearly communicates to this secular age. The traditionalist statement set the stage for a potentially contentious annual meeting in New Orleans, the very year that the Convention was set to take an historic step. Eternal security: No, once a Christian is saved, he is always saved. 2. YmNlZjVlZTMxNTAwYzAwZjZhMDE2MzliZmZkZmFiZGYxODliN2NmYWViODcx ZTZlNzFhYWQwNjhlNjMwMGRmZTE5ODRlMGM5ZWYzZTkyZjY1YmJkZGUxYTBl That is, God has foreordained who is saved and who is not, and there . This question of whether one can be both Baptist and a "Calvinist" is being asked by some in the Southern Baptist Convention (SBC) churches because these so-called "Calvinist" doctrines seem to contradict many of the things that they have been taught in SBC churches. They usually have a loose association with other Baptist churches, but they are self-governed, not governed by the association. In fact, some churches claim both names as "Reformed Baptists". MWM3MGJiNTkxOTJjN2QxOGQ2NDZlMjk4YzJjZmUyM2YyNzM1ZWQ3MGEyNjJh Gaines mentioned that prospect in 2016, after Greear withdrew his candidacy to prevent a second run-off election between the two. What is the relation between the First Baptist Church and the Baptist Church? As Tom Ascol of Founders Ministries says, In 1925 Southern Baptists acknowledged that Adams sin left humanity with a corrupted nature that is in bondage to sin and also under condemnation. The 1963 statement (which remains virtually unchanged at this point in the 2000 revision), reflecting the doctrinal downgrade of the SBC in that era that ultimately necessitated the conservative resurgence that began in the next decade, reduces the impact of the fall from leaving mans nature enslaved to sin to leaving it, along with his environment, inclined toward sin . Baptist churches are broken up into different sub-denominations. ZGI5ODI0MzdjYzZiMTZlZDA5N2UwZjY2OTk5YWFhM2RlOWYwOTU1MDZjMjZk [35] As it did not correspond to expectations of dynamism and effectiveness, it is being supplanted by a newer Convention, the Conveno Batista Reformada do Brasil. 1. Groups calling themselves Strict Baptists are often differentiated from those calling themselves "Reformed Baptists", sharing the same Calvinist doctrine, but differing on ecclesiastical polity;[3] "Strict Baptists" generally prefer a congregationalist polity.[3]. If you confess those three elements, perhaps you are Reformed. Arminianism a set of doctrines, first elucidated by Jacob Arminius but based on exegesis of scripture, that concludes that unaided by the Holy Spirit, no person is able to respond to Gods will, yet salvation is conditioned on a persons willingness to freely place their faith in Christ. The Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son. Another significant difference is that Free Will Baptists believe Holy Communion should be offered openly to all believers, while Southern Baptists feel it should only be taken by believers in good standing with their churches and in good spiritual stead within their faith. I am pleased to see that many Reformed Baptists are closer to traditional Protestantism than I realized. In the narrower sense, certain churches and groups have preferred "Sovereign Grace" in their name, rather than using the terms "Calvinism", "Calvinist", or "Reformed Baptist". At the same time, the Baptist holds to the autonomy of the local church. Greear, Texas pastor Matt Chandler, Baptist Convention of Maryland/Delaware Executive Director Kevin Smith, and moderator Jedediah Coppenger. Roger Williams established the first Baptist church in America around 1638, in the Providence, Rhode Island, region. 1. eyJtZXNzYWdlIjoiYjg2MGViMGMwMzgzZWFlYzQ1ZWQ1MjcxMWZiYjJlYTgx Gaines recently outlined that process, in answer to a question by SBC Today about how everyday Southern Baptists can have a voice in SBC life. The bottom line is this: were supposed to ask people to repent and believe in the gospel., By Meredith Flynn with reporting by Baptist Press. Baptist churches are found in almost every country in the world and have about 40 million members worldwide. Please see his About page for details. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. As mentioned, some Baptist churches are Reformed churches as well, while some are fully Arminian, believing that man is only partially depraved and able to seek God on his own and that salvation is conditional upon continued righteous living. All of these groups generally agree with the Five Points of Calvinism Total Depravity, Unconditional Election, Limited Atonement, Irresistible Grace, and Perseverance of the Saints. rev2023.4.21.43403. Its driven by the growing realization that the two soteriological systems are incompatible. One key difference in how Reformed Baptists view Covenant theology vs how Presbyterians view Covenant theology is in the understanding of Baptism. [5], Sovereign Grace Baptists in the broadest sense are any "Calvinistic" Baptists that accept God's sovereign grace[8] in salvation and predestination. In March 2009, noting the resurgence of Calvinism in the United States, Time listed several Baptists among current Calvinist leaders. ZjkyYjEzNjI5YjIwYzlkZmNiNDk5MTRjM2NiYmZlMjc0Y2I5MjFmOTIxMDcy He was a pastor for 10 years. I am not a Calvinist. A Confession of Faith was adopted in 1991. ZTM5MWRkNDczMjMxOWYyY2NlYzQ5OWUyZGU5MmE1NWE2NDhkYTkzZTk4YTRk In a blog interview last October, Frank Page, President and CEO of the Executive Committee of the Southern Baptist Convention, identified the theological divide of Calvinism and non-Calvinism as one of the greatest challenges facing the SBC. Now I must admit, there are some PCA churches that are less confessional than a good 1642 LBC Reformed Baptist church. From almost the very beginning of the Baptist 'movement' in England in the early 17th Century, there have been two major, distinct, groupings of Baptists. Religion News Service. Competing views on salvation I know of very few Baptists who associate as little with the rest of the world as possible, and who refuse to serve in the armed forces of their nation. "The Lord called us to be one," said Steve Lemke, provost of New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary and co-author of a book critiquing . Williams and John Clarke had founded Rhode Island as a bastion of religious freedom. This new covenant of grace, as it were is absolutely crucial to our understanding of grace, the security of the believer, salvation, and sanctification. The difference between Baptist and Anabaptist is that Baptists believe that they cannot control and impose over one's freedom as it is their rights whereas anabaptists do not believe in this and impose rules that are to be followed by all the members of the sect. Manage Settings He also serves as an associate pastor at McLean Bible Church in Arlington, Virginia. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. If the grass-roots, mom-and-pop Southern Baptist members want their voice to be heard, they need to elect SBC presidents that will appoint SBC Committee on Committee members who will appoint people who share their convictions, Gaines said. Understanding Largest Christian Denominations in America: The Top 100. Saved people get baptized as a public demonstration of their new lives. Individual salaries will vary depending on the job, department, and location, as well as the employee's level of . I would just say if youre going to be a Calvinist be a Spurgeon Calvinist, and lets go out and tell people about Jesus Christ. As a professor, he has taught Bible and theology courses at two Christian universities. Cessationism: Spiritual gifts used for serving are available today, while gifts used as signs have ceased. Jon Moffitt was born and raised in the sunny desert of Southern California. Jun 6, 2013, 07:31 PM EDT. According to their belief, the second coming of Christ is obvious. Are there other major differences between them? They currently (2009) are supporting one missionary endeavour. The main thing we can do to go forward is to focus on winning people to Jesus Christ, Gaines said in Phoenix. They have identified an objectionable aspect of covenant theology (which is essentially Presbyterian), pinned that proverbial tail on the Reformed Baptist donkey, and cast them all out of the SBC barn. In it, the group, which included Calvinists and non-Calvinists, wrote about what principles ought to govern theological conversation within the SBC, and detailed specific points of doctrine. @ 2021-2023 Copyright | All Right Reserved, link to What Is The Difference Between First And Second Baptist? Calvinists call this the doctrine of "predestination" the idea that a person's salvation already . Judging from the proliferation of passionate theological arguments shared over the past decade, thats unlikely. Both the 2d London Baptist Confession of Faith of 1689 (often called "the 1689" by adherents) and the 1689 Federalism site provide great resources on this inquiry. Also see Compare First Baptists and Second Baptists to learn more. When the first Religious Landscape Study was conducted in 2007, Southern Baptists accounted for 6.7% of the U.S. adult population (compared with 5.3% in 2014). I dont know, Gaines said in the e-mail interview with Kyle Gulledge, editor of the blog SBC Today. The Holy Spirit is received at the moment of salvation. MWU3M2ZiM2JmNjMwYWNiYzY0N2EwZjcyNzU5ODkyMTdiODg1MjI4YmE5YjM5 However, I'm having a hard time understanding what their major beliefs are, especially in comparison to other Baptists. [38] As of 2012, there were 14 churches, including the Jarvis Street Baptist Church in Toronto. What made them semi-Pelagian was their denial or neglect of the divine initiative in salvation (except the gospel message). What does "up to" mean in "is first up to launch"? According to the denominations website, The Southern Baptist Convention has not taken an official stance on either Calvinism or Arminianism.. It was hosted by First Baptist Church, Woodstock, Georgia, with about 1,000 attendees at the two-day conference. The first major shift at the seminary away from Calvinism came at the leadership of E. Y. Mullins, president from 18991928. Basing the claim on what the majority view is not an adequate foundation for settling the issue. [T]his document would more accurately be called A Statement of Modern Southern Baptist Understanding of Gods Plan of Salvation. The understanding of salvation that was prevalent throughout the convention at its inception and for many decades afterward was nothing less than historic, evangelical Calvinism. How does Calvinism differ from the Baptist Church? Christianity Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for committed Christians, experts in Christianity and those interested in learning more. See answer (1) Best Answer. The Southern Baptist Convention (SBC) or Great Commission Baptists (GCB) is a Christian denomination based in the United States.It is the world's largest Baptist denomination, and the largest Protestant and second-largest Christian denomination in the United States. The Baptist Church governs the individual churches, whereas the Southern Baptist Church does not govern the individual churches. MDk0MThhY2EwMGZiOTIzMGU5NDJkM2JiNWY0N2Y2ZjVjNGZlNzRhYjlmNDhl Puryear and others have thrown out the proverbial baby with the bathwater. For this reason, Southern Baptists embrace a literal . President Frank Page appointed a Calvinism study committee to come to a consensusof sortsas to how Baptists could work together despite theological differences. Since I was raised in the United Methodist Church, and have planted a Baptist Church, I thought I'd put together a simple list of differences. I have recently met people who are Reformed Baptist. The church has two ordinances: Baptism and Holy Communion. The Sovereign Grace Fellowship of Canada (SGF) is a fellowship for Baptist churches in Canada[36] holding to either the Baptist Confession of 1644 or 1689. Christians immediately go to heaven when they die. Effect of a "bad grade" in grad school applications. The document was originally endorsed by six former SBC presidents (Morris Chapman, Jimmy Draper, Paige Patterson, Bailey Smith, Bobby Welch, and Jerry Vines), two seminary presidents (Chuck Kelley of New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary and former SBC president Paige Patterson, who now serves as the president of the denominations largest seminary, Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary), and five state executive directors (Jim Futral of Mississippi, David Hankins of Louisiana, Mike Procter of Alaska, John Sullivan of Florida, and Bob White of Georgia). [1] Charles Spurgeon (183492), pastor to the New Park Street Chapel (later the Metropolitan Tabernacle) in London, has been called "by far the most famous and influential preacher the Baptists had. There is another denomination among Christians that is called the Church of Nazarenes and . In 2006, Mohler sat down with another seminary president to publicly discuss the growing theological divide in the SBC. No, a Christian should not remarry while his former spouse lives. N2I4Y2ViZGI0MTgxY2RjYzRkZjA3M2FkMzdhYTRiMDBkYTU1NzlkZTQwNzRi Sorry, your blog cannot share posts by email. How to have multiple colors with a single material on a single object? . As the Arminian theologian Roger Olson points out. Inside the castle at Wittenberg on a Reformation tour (right), Southern Seminary President Al Mohler preaches in the chapel where Luther regularly spoke. No, the elements merely symbolically represent the body and blood of Christ. Thank you, Warren! For many Baptists (but not allthere are confessional Baptists who agree with the Reformed on the Sabbath. The candidates met, each seeking a way to avoid division, and both volunteered to step aside before Greear ultimately convinced Gaines to accept his concession. Both are typically very informal and non-liturgical ("low church"). He is the senior pastor of Grace Reformed Church in Spring Hill, TN. My phone's touchscreen is damaged. That is, they tend to reject that people have any free will in respect to choosing Christ for salvation. Of course as we all know Baptists can also mildly or significantly differ from one another especially between different conventions such as the Baptist Federation of Canada, General conference, North American-German Baptists, Fellowship, Southern Baptist, Independent, etc. Baptists believe in One God. The group of Strict Baptists called Strict and Particular Baptists are Baptists who believe in a Calvinist interpretation of Christian salvation. Reformed Baptists do not as a whole reject amillenialism: in fact, most are either amillenial or postmillenial from everything I have read and seen over the past 30+ years. There is no doubt that in the Old Testament God promises a new covenant. In the New Testament, Jesus describes himself as securing the new covenant by the shedding of his blood and the breaking of his body, both of which we commemorate in the ordinance of the Lords Supper. Both groups represented an earnest desire of Separatist congregations to [] YTFhYzBiOTIyYjFiMTIzOGM5OTg5YTRmYWQwMjIzMTk5NGY0OTRhODBmZjEz We deny that election means that, from eternity, God predestined certain people for salvation and others for condemnation., Mohler, responding to the statement, said it was time for the two sides to come together and talk.
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